2011 military intervention in Libya

2011 military intervention in Libya
Part of the First Libyan Civil War
Top: The no-fly zone over Libya as well as bases and warships which were involved in the intervention Bottom: Coloured in blue are the states that were involved in implementing the no-fly zone over Libya (coloured in green)
Date 19 March 2011 – 31 October 2011[4] (7 months, 1 week and 5 days) Location Libya Result NATO Coalition/Anti-Gaddafi victory Overthrow of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Killing of Muammar Gaddafi by Anti-Gaddafi forces Tensions between Libyan factions following the fall of Gaddafi lead to renewed civil war in 2014 Start and continuation of the Libyan Crisis
Belligerents
NATO[a]  Belgium  Bulgaria  Canada  Denmark  France  Greece  Italy  Netherlands  Norway  Romania  Spain  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States  Jordan  Qatar  Sweden  United Arab Emirates Anti-Gaddafi forces	Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Armed Forces Pro-Gaddafi militias Mercenaries (alleged)[1][2][3]
Commanders and leaders
Opération Harmattan: Nicolas Sarkozy Alain Juppé Édouard Guillaud Operation Ellamy: David Cameron Liam Fox David Richards Operation Mobile: Stephen Harper Peter MacKay André Deschamps Operation Odyssey Dawn: Barack Obama Hillary Clinton Robert Gates Carter Ham Silvio Berlusconi Ignazio La Russa Claudio Graziano Operation Unified Protector: Anders Fogh Rasmussen James G. Stavridis Charles Bouchard Ralph Jodice Rinaldo Veri	Muammar Gaddafi †[5] Saif al-Islam Gaddafi  (POW)[6] Khamis Gaddafi † Al-Saadi Gaddafi Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr †[5] Ali Sharif al-Rifi
Strength
260 aircraft 21 ships[7]	200 medium/heavy SAM launchers 220 light SAM launchers[8] 600 anti-aircraft guns[9]
Casualties and losses
None None 1 USN MQ-8 shot down[10] 3 Dutch Naval Aviators captured (later released)[11] 1 Royal Netherlands Navy Lynx captured[11] 1 USAF F-15E crashed (Mechanical failure)[12] 1 UAEAF F-16 damaged upon landing[13]	5,900 military targets including[7] 600 tanks or armored vehicles 400 artillery or rocket launchers Unknown number of soldiers killed or wounded (NATO claim)[14]
72+ civilians killed (according to Human Rights Watch)[15] 40 civilians killed in Tripoli (Vatican claim)[16] 223–403 likely civilian deaths (per Airwars)[17][18]
The US military claimed it had no knowledge of civilian casualties.[19]

On 19 March 2011, a multi-state NATO-led coalition began a military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (UNSCR 1973), in response to events during the First Libyan Civil War. With ten votes in favour and five abstentions, the intent of the UN Security Council was to have "an immediate ceasefire in Libya, including an end to the current attacks against civilians, which it said might constitute 'crimes against humanity' ... [imposing] a ban on all flights in the country's airspace — a no-fly zone — and tightened sanctions on the Muammar Gaddafi regime and its supporters."^[20]

American and British naval forces fired over 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles, and imposed a naval blockade.^[21] The French Air Force, British Royal Air Force, and Royal Canadian Air Force^[22] undertook sorties across Libya.^[23][24][25] The intervention did not employ foreign ground troops, with the exception of special forces, which were not covered by the UN resolution.^[26][27]

The Libyan government's response to the campaign was totally ineffectual, with Gaddafi's forces not managing to shoot down a single NATO plane, despite the country possessing 30 heavy SAM batteries, 17 medium SAM batteries, 55 light SAM batteries (a total of 400–450 launchers, including 130–150 2K12 Kub launchers and some 9K33 Osa launchers), and 440–600 short-ranged air-defense guns.^[9][28]

The official names for the interventions by the coalition members are Opération Harmattan by France; Operation Ellamy by the United Kingdom; Operation Mobile for the Canadian participation and Operation Odyssey Dawn for the United States.^[29] Italy initially opposed the intervention but then offered to take part in the operations on the condition that NATO took the leadership of the mission instead of individual countries (particularly France). As this condition was later met, Italy shared its bases and intelligence with the allies.^[30]

From the beginning of the intervention, the initial coalition of Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Norway, Qatar, Spain, UK and US^{[31][32][33][34][35]} expanded to nineteen states, with newer states mostly enforcing the no-fly zone and naval blockade or providing military logistical assistance. The effort was initially largely led by France and the United Kingdom, with command shared with the United States. NATO took control of the arms embargo on 23 March, named Operation Unified Protector. An attempt to unify the military command of the air campaign (whilst keeping political and strategic control with a small group), first failed over objections by the French, German, and Turkish governments.^[36][37] On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone, while command of targeting ground units remains with coalition forces.^[38][39][40] The handover occurred on 31 March 2011 at 06:00 UTC (08:00 local time). NATO flew 26,500 sorties since it took charge of the Libya mission on 31 March 2011.

Fighting in Libya ended in late October following the killing of Muammar Gaddafi, and NATO stated it would end operations over Libya on 31 October 2011. Libya's new government requested that its mission be extended to the end of the year,^[41] but on 27 October, the Security Council unanimously voted to end NATO's mandate for military action on 31 October.^[42]

It is reported that over the eight months, NATO members carried out 7,000 bombing sorties targeting Gaddafi's forces.^[43]

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